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Sapphire is a gem, various minerals corundum, alumina (α - Al2O3). It's usually blue, but natural "fancy" sapphires also appear in yellow, purple, orange and green. Sapphire displays two or more colors. Sapphire can't only be red - because red corundum is called ruby, another kind of corundum. Pink corundum can be divided into ruby or sapphire according to the region. This change in color is attributed to trace elements such as iron, titanium, chromium, copper or magnesium.

Usually, natural sapphires are cut and polished into gemstones, which are then worn in jewelry. They can also be synthesized in the laboratory and used as large crystal balls for industrial or decorative purposes. Due to the extraordinary hardness of Sapphire - 9 Mohs (the third highest hardness mineral, next to 10 diamonds and 9.5 diabase) - sapphire is also used in some non decorative applications, such as infrared optical components, high durability windows, watch crystals and moving bearings, and very thin electronic wafers, which are used as solid-state electronic devices for very special purposes (especially Integrated circuit and GaN based LED).

Sapphire is the birthstone of September and the treasure of the 45th anniversary. The Jubilee of sapphire takes place 65 years later.